В каком году появились машины: История развития автомобиля: ранние годы

Продолжаем начатый в прошлом выпуске ЗР рассказ о том, как автомобиль стал таким, каким мы его знаем сейчас.

Материалы по теме

В первой части обзора (ЗР, 2017, № 1) мы вспомнили события, которые предшествовали эпохальным творениям Карла Бенца и Готлиба Даймлера, и первые важные изобретения, позволившие автомобилям стать действительно жизнеспособными. Но, по сути, с этого всё только начиналось…

Необходимо, но недостаточно

Моторная тележка поехала быстрее уже на рубеже XIX и ХХ столетий, однако автомобилем все-таки еще не стала. «Оказалось», что нужно надежно передавать на колеса возросший момент, тормозить, поворачивать и, наконец, с относительным комфортом размещать пассажиров.

Менять передачи, перебрасывая ремень со шкива на шкив, - решение, мягко говоря, неэффективное. Уже в конце позапрошлого века появились пусть и довольно примитивные, но шестеренчатые передачи, а на ведущую заднюю ось момент передавали стальной цепью. Изначальное расположение силового агрегата ближе к ведущим колесам вроде бы вполне логично: в этом случае цепь короче. Но автомобиль получался непомерно высоким и неустойчивым. Мощность и литраж двигателей росли, а тяжелые агрегаты потребовали основательных рам, из-за чего машины стали еще выше. Прогресс в определенной мере отступил: от несущих, по современной терминологии, кузовов конных экипажей отказались.

Первый автомобиль с двигателем спереди и задними ведущими колесами — французский Panhard-Levassor, 1891 год.

Первый автомобиль с двигателем спереди и задними ведущими колесами — французский Panhard-Levassor, 1891 год.

В 1891 году французская фирма Panhard-Levassor первой построила автомобиль с классической, как ее стали величать позже, компоновкой: двигатель расположен спереди, в высоком закрытом ящике, а ведущие колеса — задние. В известной мере — возвращ

Кто создал автомобиль и в каком году

Человечество на каждой ступени развития старалось любыми средствами увеличить скорость и комфортность перемещения. Начиная от приручения диких лошадей и заканчивая созданием карет, в которые впрягали специально обученных лошадей, развитие транспорта подошло к главному порогу – созданию машины. Толчком для этого послужило изобретение двигателя внутреннего сгорания.

Двигатель внутреннего сгорания

Еще задолго до того, как мир познакомился с «самоходной телегой», появились чертежи машины, которая приводилась в движение посредством пружинной тяги. Это изобретение было отражено в работах Леонардо да Винчи.

История создания первого автомобиля

В истории создания автомобилей выделяют периоды:

• паровой автомобиль;
• автомобиль с бензиновым двигателем;
• современная эра автотранспорта.

Начало автоиндустрии: в каком году появился автомобиль

До нашего времени сохранились чертежи и единичные экземпляры первых машин – трехколесных или четырехколесных тележек, развивавших скорость всего 4 км/час.

Первый автомобиль был создан во Франции конструктором Жозефом Кюньо. Еще вначале 1769 года он привел в движение тележку, оборудованную паровым двигателем. Эта машина так и называлась «тележка Кюньо». Повозка на трех деревянных колесах — одно впереди и два позади, была снабжена небольшим паровым котлом и вертикальным паровым цилиндром, вращающим переднее колесо, снабженное зубцами. 

Жозеф Кюньо

Повозка предназначалась для перевозки артиллерии, и по размерам и весу могла запросто поспорить с грузовиками 21 века. Только вода и топливо, необходимые для движения, весили тонну. Скорость движения такого экипажа не превышала 4 км/ч. Так Кюньо стал первым, кто изобрел паровой автомобиль.

Первые испытания прошли на улицах Парижа в 1770 году, но оказались неудачными. Машина Кюньо получилась тяжелой в управлении, в результате чего уже во время первых испытаний врезалась в стену.

Первый автомобиль Жозефа Кюньо

После «паровые тележки» начали совершенствоваться: появились элементы трансмиссии, тормоза, а также изменилась дальность поездок. Вскоре паровые машины стали ездить со скоростью 12 км/час. Со временем производство перешло на коммерческий уровень.

В России прообраз первого автомобиля создал крепостной крестьянин Вятской губернии Леонтий Шамшуренков. Изобретение он представил в Санкт-Петербурге 1 ноября 1752 года ученому Михаилу Ломоносову. Это была четырехколесная самобеглая коляска с педальным приводом, развивающая скорость до 15 км/ч.

Леонтий Шамшуренков и его изобретение

Позже, в 1780-х годах, русский конструктор, изобретатель и инженер Иван Кулибин взялся за разработку передвижной телеги на паровой тяге. Уже спустя 10 лет он смог достичь выдающихся результатов: машина имела коробку передач, подшипники, рулевое управление и три колеса. Техника развивала скорость до 16,2 км/ч.

Первые автомобили с бензиновым двигателем. Характеристики машин

В 1806 году велись разработки двигателя внутреннего сгорания. Так, ученый Сэмюэль Браун использовал газовую смесь, энергия которой превращалась в движение. Но изобретателем прототипа современного автомобиля считается Зигфрид Маркус, который привел в движение тележку.

Маркус первым применил бензин в качестве моторного горючего и поставил бензиновый мотор на деревянную коляску. Автомобиль имел одноцилиндровый двухтактный двигатель внутреннего сгорания. Так как машина не имела сцепления, задние колеса, пока двигатель не был запущен, висели над землей.

Автомобиль Зигфрида Маркуса

Новатором в автомобильном строении называют Карла Бенца. Немец создал автомобиль, оснащенный бензиновым двигателем. В мастерской

инженер приступил к созданию новых двигателей внутреннего сгорания. В 1878 года Бенц получил патент на двухтактный бензиновый двигатель. Вскоре изобретатель запатентовал узлы и системы будущего автомобиля:

• акселератор;
• систему зажигания, работающую от батареи;
• свечу зажигания;
• карбюратор;
• сцепление;
• коробку передач;
• водяной радиатор охлаждения.

У автомобиля Бенца были три металлических колеса. Он приводился в движение четырехтактным бензиновым двигателем, размещенным между двух задних колес. Вращение передавалось с помощью цепной передачи на заднюю ось. Автомобиль был закончен в 1885 году и получил название «Motorwagen».

В 1886 году произошел поистине переломный момент в истории автомобилестроения. Карл Бенц получил патент на изобретение — самодвижущийся экипаж с бензиновым мотором. Этот год и считается годом создания первого автомобиля в мире.

Автомобиль Карла Бенца

В это же время другой немецкий изобретатель Готлиб Даймлер тоже сконструировал экипаж с бензиновым мотором, а годом ранее запатентовал первый мотоцикл и карбюратор. Однако роль изобретателя автомобиля досталась Карлу Бенцу.

Творение Бенца представляло собой трехколесный самодвижущийся экипаж, рассчитанный на двух человек и оборудованный четырехтактным бензиновым мотором с водяным охлаждением. Машина Бенца развивала скорость 14 км/час.

После получения патента Карл Бенц решил «вывести в свет» свое творение, прокатившись на нем по улочкам города Мангейм. Однако новинка вызывала вокруг только раздражение, пугая шумом мотора. Расстроенный изобретатель поставил машину под навес, намереваясь довести ее до совершенства. Так прошло два года, а летом 1888 года автомобиль «угнали».

Карл Бенц и его безлошадная карета

Жена и двое сыновей Бенца решили доехать до соседнего города к родственникам. Взяв запылившийся автомобиль отца и мужа, они проехали на нем 180 км, периодически подкупая бензин и заправляясь. Дорога была нелегкой, однако все волнения окупились с лихвой — жители городка, куда приехали «похитители» авто, толпами сбегались посмотреть на удивительную «безлошадную» повозку.

Вскоре об этом случае узнала вся Германия, причем пресса обратила внимание не столько на путешествие, сколько на сам автомобиль Бенца. С этого момента и началось повсеместное увлечение автомобилем. Так предприимчивая Берта (жена Карла) сыграла решающую роль в успехе мужа. Как и первый автомобиль, путешествие Берты заняло место в истории, — этот марафон длиной в 180 километров принято считать первым в истории автопробегом.

90000 The first car appeared on British roads in 1888. By the year 2000 there may be as many as 29 million vehicles on British roads. Alternative forms of transport should be encouraged and international laws introduced to control car ownership and use. To what 90001 90002 Nowadays, when the car has become a completely inevitable part of our daily routine, it seem impossible to live without this personal mean of transport. Moreover, it is predicted that about 29 million cars are going to be in use on British roads by the year 2000.Consequently, some questions have been raised whether any international regulations should be established in order to encourage some alternative forms of transport and control car owners and users. However I do not support this point of view. 90003 90002 Firstly, any form of regulation that may be in conflict with the fundamental law to posses and to decide about private belongings is in my opinion extremely destructive. Every economic growth is based on the decisions of free entrepreneurs and any intervention in such a basic factor as communication might turn out to be the beginning of a severe stagnation.90003 90002 Secondly, we undoubtedly live in an extremely rapidly growing world. The new ideas and technologies appear on a daily basis — as a result the science is making an enormous progress as well. We may not be aware of it as it is obvious for us, but I genuinely believe, that the usage of a personal, private car is absolutely crucial when it comes to all the mentioned benefits. 90003 90002 Finally, some may claim that the result of such a rapid growth of cars popularity will lead to a global pollution on an enormous scale.Nevertheless, I believe that if the consequences of excessive car usage were so crucial, the prices of both — vehicles and oil would rise immediately. As a result fewer people would be able to use them and the number of vehicles would lower. 90003 90002 Concluding, I completely disagree with a statement that alternative forms of transport should be encouraged by introducing any international regulations restricting car ownership and use. The problem of pollution and excessive use of those vehicles does not seem to be as essential as the matters of personal freedom.90003 .90000 Cars | How cars work | Types of cars | History of the automobile | Safety features 90001 90002 90003 90002 Cars are automobiles that can transport people. It is the main 90005 means 90006 of travelling for hundreds of millions of people all over the world. Cars have changed the way we live probably more than any other 90005 invention 90006 in history. At first only a few people had cars but after a while more and more people bought them because they 90005 improved 90006 the way people lived.Farmers with cars were able to bring their products to places that were farther away. The 90005 appearance 90006 of cities and towns also changed. More and more workers drove to their jobs and people started to move to 90005 suburbs 90006 outside the town centers. 90003 90002 Automobiles give people many jobs. Millions of people around the world work in factories where cars are produced. Millions more work at gas stations, restaurants or 90005 motels 90006 that travelers stop at. 90003 90002 However, cars also cause problems.Millions of people die in car accidents every year. Automobiles 90005 pollute 90006 the air that we breathe and parking space in cities is 90005 scarce 90006 because everyone wants to use their cars to get to city centers. 90003 90002 90003 90028 How cars work 90029 90002 Cars are very complicated machines and all systems in them work together. They power a car, control and 90005 steer 90006 it and make it comfortable for people to drive in. 90003 90002 90003 90036 The engine 90037 90002 The heart of every car is its engine.It produces the power that turns the wheels and 90005 electricity 90006 for lights and other systems. 90003 90002 Most automobiles are powered by an 90005 internal combustion engine 90006. 90005 Fuel 90006, usually 90005 gasoline 90006 or petrol, is burned with air to 90005 create 90006 gases that 90005 expand 90006. A 90005 spark plug 90006 creates a 90005 spark 90006 that 90005 ignites 90006 the gas and makes it burn. This energy moves through cylinders in which 90005 pistons 90006 slide up and down.They are 90005 attached 90006 to 90005 rods 90006 that move a 90005 crankshaft 90006. Normal car engines have four to six cylinders but there are also models with eight and sixteen cylinders. The turning 90005 movement 90006 is passed through the 90005 drivetrain 90006 to the 90005 drive wheels 90006. 90003 90002 90003 90076 90003 90078 An internal combustion engine — UtzOnBike 90079 90036 90037 90036 Fuel system 90037 90002 The fuel system pumps petrol from the tank to the engine.Older cars used to have 90005 carburetors 90006 that mix 90005 fuel 90006 with air and send the gas to the engine. Some cars have a special 90005 fuel 90006 injection system that 90005 sprays 90006 petrol into the engine. Modern cars have 90005 turbo chargers 90006 that 90005 suck 90006 in extra air and 90005 therefore 90006 create more power. 90003 90002 90003 90036 Drivetrain 90037 90002 The engine and all parts that carry power to the wheels are called the 90005 drivetrain 90006.It includes the 90005 transmission 90006, 90005 drive shaft 90006, 90005 differential 90006, the 90005 axles 90006 and the 90005 drive wheels 90006 that move the car. While most cars have drive wheels in the front, some have them in the back. Cars that need to drive over all kinds of ground have a 90005 four-wheel drive 90006. 90003 90002 The 90005 transmission 90006 controls the speed and 90005 torque 90006. When a car travels at a normal speed on a flat road it does not need so much 90005 torque 90006 to keep it moving, but when you want to start a car from a hill the engine must produce more power.90005 Gears 90006 control speed and power of the engine in different driving conditions. 90003 90002 In cars with 90005 manual transmission 90006 you have to change gears by pressing down the 90005 clutch 90006 with your foot and moving a 90005 lever 90006. Cars with 90005 automatic transmission 90006 change 90005 gears 90006 without control by the driver. Lower gears give the car more 90005 torque 90006 and speed. When the car moves faster the 90005 transmission 90006 90005 shifts 90006 to higher 90005 gears 90006.90003 90002 The 90005 driveshaft 90006 carries the power to the 90005 axle 90006 which is 90005 connected 90006 to the wheels. It has several 90005 joints 90006 which make the 90005 axle 90006 and wheels 90005 moveable 90006 as the car drives on 90005 uneven 90006 and 90005 bumpy 90006 roads. 90003 90002 The 90005 differential 90006 is 90005 connected 90006 to the rear end of the driveshaft. It lets the wheels turn at different speeds because in curves the outer wheels must travel a greater distance than the inner ones.90003 90002 90003 90036 Steering system 90037 90002 The 90005 steering 90006 system controls the front wheels. Turning the steering wheel makes them point to the left or right. Most cars have power steering; a hydraulic system makes it easier for the driver to turn the wheels. 90003 90002 90003 90036 Brake system 90037 90002 The brake system slows down or stops the car. 90005 Brakes 90006 operate on all four wheels. There are two basic types of brakes: 90005 drum 90006 or 90005 disc 90006 90005 brakes 90006.In both cases a 90005 friction 90006 90005 pad 90006 is pressed against a 90005 drum 90006 or 90005 disc 90006 with the help of a hydraulic system. 90003 90002 All cars have 90005 emergency 90006 hand brakes which you use if the hydraulic system 90005 fails 90006. It is also called a parking brake because you use it to stop a 90005 vehicle 90006 from rolling down a hill. Antilock braking systems (ABS) keep the wheels turning when you step on the brakes. This computer controlled system 90005 prevents 90006 90005 skidding 90006 if you are on a 90005 slippery 90006 road 90003 90002 90003 90036 90037 90036 Suspension system 90037 90002 The 90005 suspension 90006 system supports the 90005 weight 90006 of the car.It has wheels, 90005 axles 90006, 90005 tires 90006 and 90005 springs 90006. Most cars have 90005 shock absorbers 90006 to 90005 guarantee 90006 a 90005 smooth 90006 ride. 90005 Springs 90006 are between the 90005 axles 90006 of the wheels and the body of the car. They allow each wheel to move up and down on its own. The tires also help to make driving 90005 smoother 90006. They are built so that they give the car 90005 grip 90006 on roads in all conditions. 90003 90002 90003 90036 Exhaust system 90037 90002 When a car burns 90005 fuel 90006 gases are produced.They must be 90005 removed 90006 so that new 90005 fuel 90006 can be burned. The 90005 pistons 90006 in the engine’s cylinders force gas out of the engine. It passes through a 90005 muffler 90006 into 90005 tail pipes 90006. The muffler also keeps the car running quietly. For about thirty years cars have been 90005 equipped 90006 with a 90005 catalytic converter 90006. It 90005 reduces 90006 90005 pollution 90006 by 90005 converting 90006 harmful gases into 90005 carbon dioxide 90006 and water 90003 90002 90003 90036 Cooling system 90037 90002 Burning 90005 fuel 90006 inside a car’s engine 90005 creates 90006 a lot of heat.Most of it has to be removed by a cooling system. 90005 Liquid 90006 cooling systems have a mixture of water and chemicals. A water pump 90005 forces 90006 this mixture to flow between the cylinders of the engine. The hot water is then pumped through a 90005 radiator 90006 where the air carries away the heat. 90003 90002 90003 90036 Lubrication system 90037 90002 Oil is important for an engine to work. It 90005 flows 90006 through the moving parts so that the metal does not 90005 rub 90006 against other metallic pieces.Without 90005 lubrication 90006 the metal would become too hot and the engine would be destroyed. 90003 90002 Oil is 90005 stored 90006 in an oil tank at the bottom of the engine. From there it is pumped around the engine. A filter 90005 removes 90006 90005 dirt 90006 from the oil so that it will not do any 90005 damage 90006 to engine parts. After you have driven a certain number of kilometers you must change the oil and the oil filter. 90003 90002 90003 90036 Dashboard 90037 90002 The 90005 dashboard 90006 has many instruments that show you how fast you are moving, the 90005 amount 90006 of petrol that is left in the tank, the oil temperature and some other information.90003 90002 90003 90036 Body 90037 90002 The body of the car is the outer 90005 shell 90006 that 90005 surrounds 90006 the mechanical parts and the passengers inside. Most bodies are made of 90005 steel 90006, although some parts are made of strong plastic or fiberglass. The body 90005 includes 90006 the 90005 passenger 90006 90005 compartment 90006, 90005 hood 90006, 90005 trunk 90006 and the 90005 fenders 90006 which cover the wheels. 90003 90002 90003 90002 90003 90028 Types of cars 90029 90358 90359 Coupe = a two-door car with a fixed roof and a smaller back seat.90360 90359 90005 Convertible 90006 = a car with a flexible roof that can be 90005 folded 90006 together, so that you can drive without it 90360 90359 90005 Station wagon 90006 or estate car = longer 90005 vehicles 90006 for larger families; most of the time they have an extended 90005 cargo 90006 area 90360 90359 Sedan = common car type with two rows of seats and four doors. The car has a separate 90005 boot 90006 (trunk) for luggage 90360 90359 Minivan = a taller car that is shaped like a van; it has up to three 90005 rows 90006 and can carry 8 or 9 people.90360 90359 Sport utility vehicle (SUV) = built like a small truck, it has a 90005 four wheel drive 90006 and space like a minivan; it is often an 90005 off-road vehicle 90006 made for travelling on 90005 rough 90006 ground 90360 90359 Sports car = low to the ground with only two seats and a powerful engine 90360 90393 90002 90003 90076 90003 90078 Ford convertible — Detectandpreserve 90079 90028 Safety features 90029 90002 Today all cars have 90005 safety 90006 features that 90005 protect 90006 passengers from accidents that may happen on the road.In almost every country passengers have to 90005 fasten 90006 their seat belts. Children and babies must be put in special 90005 seats 90006. 90003 90002 Since the mid 1990s almost all cars have been 90005 equipped 90006 with air bags. They are normally in the 90005 steering 90006 wheel and if a car crashes they come out, 90005 inflate 90006 and 90005 protect 90006 the passengers from 90005 slamming 90006 into the front window. But there are other 90005 safety laws 90006 that carmakers must follow.Doors must have special 90005 locks 90006 that are 90005 crash resistant 90006 and 90005 bumpers 90006 must be able to 90005 absorb 90006 some 90005 force 90006 if the car crashes. 90003 90002 90003 90028 History of cars 90029 90002 In the late 1770s Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, a French 90005 engineer 90006, built a car that ran on 90005 steam 90006. Many American companies also started producing them but they were very expensive to make and cost a lot of money.90003 90002 As time went on, 90005 engineers 90006 started experimenting with petrol-driven cars. They could travel faster and over longer distances. They were also safer than 90005 steam 90450 — 90451 powered 90006 models which ran with petrol 90003 90002 Towards the end of the 19 th century Germany became the centre of car-making. Nikolaus Otto built the first 90005 internal combustion engine 90450, 90451 90006 Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz also began building petrol-driven engines.90003 90076 90003 90078 Automobile built by Karl Benz in 1894 — 90079 90464 Benz Patent-Motorwagen «Velo» Matty Foto by Softeis, 3/10/2004 90079 90464 at / im http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFA-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche_Automobilgeschichte 90079 90002 90003 90002 Automobile production in the USA began in the 1890s. It was Henry Ford who started producing cars on an 90005 assembly line 90006. Workers do only one 90005 task 90006 and car parts pass on a 90005 conveyer 90006 belt.By 1908 Ford’s Model T became the most popular car in the world and by тисячі дев’ятсот двадцять сім the Ford Motor Company had produced over 15 million of them. 90003 90002 After car production had slowed down during the two world wars car makers began adding new 90005 features 90006 to post 90005 90450 — 90451 war 90006 models. Power steering, power brakes and automatic controls became 90005 common 90006. More and more big cars were produced in the 1950s and 1960s. They used up a lot of 90005 fuel 90006 in a time in which oil was still very cheap.90003 90002 This changed in the 1970s when Arab oil-producing countries started to 90005 raise 90006 prices for oil because western countries 90005 supported 90006 Israel. In the years that followed much was done to try to save and 90005 conserve 90006 fuel. Automakers started producing compact cars that were 90005 fuel-efficient 90006. 90003 90002 In the 90005 meantime 90006, Japan and Europe had begun to 90005 compete 90006 with American carmakers. By 1980 Japan became the largest car producing countries in the world.90003 90002 90003 90028 The car of the future 90029 90002 90005 Even though 90006 today’s car is a great machine that is fast, elegant and beautiful to look at, engineers are 90005 constantly 90006 working on a car that will make today’s automobile look old. Experts say that future cars will be made of plastics and 90005 carbon fibers 90006 that will be stronger and lighter than 90005 steel 90006. 90003 90002 As oil is becoming more and more expensive, alternative power 90005 sources 90006 are being 90005 explored 90006.Biodiesel, 90005 hydrogen fuel cells 90006, electric cars and 90005 hybrids 90006 are energy 90005 sources 90006 that carmakers may use in the future. 90003 90002 Cars are becoming computerized machines. Some day they may drive themselves. Highways and other roads could be built so that cars can be programmed to drive along them by autopilot while passengers sit in the back and relax. Such cars could be 90005 radar controlled 90006 to 90005 avoid 90006 contact with other 90005 vehicles 90006 on the road.90003 90002 90003 90028 The world’s biggest carmakers 90029 90544 90545 90546 90076 90005 The world’s biggest car producing countries 90549 (in millions of cars per year) 90006 90003 90552 90553 90545 90555 90002 90005 Japan 90006 90003 90552 90555 90002 11.6 90003 90552 90553 90545 90555 90002 90005 USA 90006 90003 90552 90555 90002 10.7 90003 90552 90553 90545 90555 90002 90005 People’s Republic of China 90006 90003 90552 90555 90002 8.8 90003 90552 90553 90545 90555 90002 90005 Germany 90006 90003 90552 90555 90002 6.0 90003 90552 90553 90545 90555 90002 90005 South Korea 90006 90003 90552 90555 90002 4.0 90003 90552 90553 90545 90555 90002 90005 France 90006 90003 90552 90555 90002 3.0 90003 90552 90553 90545 90555 90002 90005 Brazil 90006 90003 90552 90555 90002 2.9 90003 90552 90553 90545 90555 90002 90005 Spain 90006 90003 90552 90555 90002 2.8 90003 90552 90553 90545 90555 90002 90005 Canada 90006 90003 90552 90555 90002 2.5 90003 90552 90553 90662 90002 90003 90028 The biggest car producing companies in the world 90029 90544 90668 90669 90076 90005 In millions of cars per year 90006 90003 90552 90553 90545 90677 90002 90005 Toyota 90006 90003 90552 90677 90076 9.5 90003 90552 90553 90545 90677 90002 90005 General Motors 90006 90003 90552 90677 90076 9.3 90003 90552 90553 90545 90677 90002 90005 Volkswagen 90006 90003 90552 90677 90076 6.3 90003 90552 90553 90545 90677 90002 90005 Ford 90006 90003 90552 90677 90076 6.2 90003 90552 90553 90545 90677 90002 90005 Honda 90006 90003 90552 90677 90076 4.0 90003 90552 90553 90545 90677 90002 90005 PSA 90006 90003 90552 90677 90076 3.5 90003 90552 90553 90545 90677 90002 90005 Nissan 90006 90003 90552 90677 90076 3.4 90003 90552 90553 90545 90677 90002 90005 Fiat 90006 90003 90552 90677 90076 2.6 90003 90552 90553 90545 90677 90002 90005 Renault 90006 90003 90552 90677 90076 2.6 90003 90552 90553 90545 90677 90002 90005 Hyundai 90006 90003 90552 90677 90076 2.6 90003 90552 90553 90545 90677 90002 90005 Suzuki 90006 90003 90552 90677 90076 2.6 90003 90552 90553 90545 90677 90002 90005 Chrysler 90006 90003 90552 90677 90076 2.5 90003 90552 90553 90662 90028 90029 90028 90824 Related Topics 90029 90002 90003 90358 90359 90005 absorb 90006 = take in 90360 90359 90005 amount 90006 = how much of something 90360 90359 90005 appearance 90006 = the way things look 90360 90359 90005 assembly line 90006 = a line of workers and machines in a factory; the parts of a product pass through and the workers put them together 90360 90359 90005 attach 90006 = connect 90360 90359 90005 automatic transmission 90006 = the gears are changed automatically 90360 90359 90005 avoid 90006 = keep away from 90360 90359 90005 axle 90006 = a long straight piece of metal that connects a pair of wheels of a car 90360 90359 90005 boot 90006 = British English for «trunk» = the back part of the car that you can open and put things into 90360 90359 90005 brake 90006 = a system that makes a vehicle stop or slow down 90360 90359 90005 bumper 90006 = a piece of plastic or metal at the back or front of a car that reduces the damage if something crashes into it 90360 90359 90005 bumpy 90006 = uneven, rough, not smooth 90360 90359 90005 carbon dioxide 90006 = the gas that is breathed out by people and animals 90360 90359 90005 carburetor 90006 = part of an engine that mixes petrol with air 90360 90359 90005 cargo 90006 = the things that a car or a truck carries 90360 90359 90005 catalytic converter 90006 = it is used to lower poisonous emission that come out of an engine 90360 90359 90005 clutch 90006 = a pedal near your feet which you can push down to change gears 90360 90359 90005 compete 90006 = to be more successful than someone else 90360 90359 90005 connect 90006 = join 90360 90359 90005 conserve 90006 = save 90360 90359 90005 constantly 90006 = always 90360 90359 90005 convert 90006 = change 90360 90359 90005 conveyor belt 90006 = a band that moves and is used to transport goods from one place or building to another 90360 90359 90005 crankshaft 90006 = a straight piece of metal that connects the engine to the wheels 90360 90359 90005 crash-resistant 90006 = if something is not broken or damaged if you crash into it 90360 90359 90005 create 90006 = make 90360 90359 90005 damage 90006 = destruction 90360 90359 90005 dashboard 90006 = panel on the front of the driver’s seat that shows you a few instruments, like how fast you are driving, oil pressure etc.. 90360 90359 90005 differential 90006 = the gear that allows the wheels of a car to move at different speeds 90360 90359 90005 dirt 90006 = mud or dust; things that make something dirty 90360 90359 90005 disc brakes 90006 = brakes that work when press two hard surfaces against a disc in the centre of a car wheel 90360 90359 90005 drive shaft 90006 = the part of a car that takes the power from the gears to wheels 90360 90359 90005 drive wheels 90006 = the wheel that gets the power to move 90360 90359 90005 drivetrain 90006 = the parts that produce power and bring it on the road 90360 90359 90005 drum brakes 90006 = pads are pressed against a drum on the wheel 90360 90359 90005 electricity 90006 = the power that is carried by wires, cables etc.and makes machines work 90360 90359 90005 emergency 90006 = an unexpected and dangerous situation 90360 90359 90005 engineer 90006 = a person who designs and makes engines or motors 90360 90359 90005 equip 90006 = provide, prepare, give 90360 90359 90005 even though 90006 = while 90360 90359 90005 expand 90006 = to get bigger or to grow 90360 90359 90005 explore 90006 = to find out about something 90360 90359 90005 fail 90006 = if something does not work 90360 90359 90005 fasten 90006 = close 90360 90359 90005 feature 90006 = element 90360 90359 90005 fender 90006 = the side part of the car that covers the wheel 90360 90359 90005 flow 90006 = run 90360 90359 90005 fold 90006 = to bend something by laying one part over another 90360 90359 90005 force 90006 = here: to break open and push out 90360 90359 90005 four-wheel drive 90006 = a system which gives power to all four wheels of a car 90360 90359 90005 friction pad 90006 = a rubber pad that you put between pieces of metal 90360 90359 90005 fuel 90006 = material, like coal or oil that is used to produce power 90360 90359 90005 fuel-efficient 90006 = to burn or use as little petrol as possible 90360 90359 90005 gasoline 90006 = American word for 90450 petrol 90451 90360 90359 90005 gear 90006 = you use it to make a car move at different speeds 90360 90359 90005 grip 90006 = to move over something without slipping 90360 90359 90005 guarantee 90006 = to make sure that something happens 90360 90359 90005 hood 90006 = the metal cover over the engine 90360 90359 90005 hybrid 90006 = the method of mixing two different types of motors 90360 90359 90005 hydrogen fuel cell 90006 = it uses hydrogen and converts it so that it makes an engine work 90360 90359 90005 ignite 90006 = to make something start burning 90360 90359 90005 improve 90006 = to get better 90360 90359 90005 in the meantime 90006 = period inbetween 90360 90359 90005 include 90006 contain, to have in it 90360 90359 90005 inflate 90006 = to blow up 90360 90359 90005 internal combustion engine 90006 = a motor that produces power by burning petrol 90360 90359 90005 invention 90006 = a useful machine or tool that someone discovers or makes for the first time 90360 90359 90005 joint 90006 = a place where two or more parts of an object come together 90360 90359 90005 lever 90006 = a stick that you move to operate something 90360 90359 90005 liquid 90006 = fluid, watery 90360 90359 90005 lock 90006 = something that keeps a door closed; you usually open it with a key 90360 90359 90005 lubrication 90006 = to put oil on parts of a machine so that they can move smoothly 90360 90359 90005 manual transmission 90006 = a system where the driver has to change gears by hand 90360 90359 90005 means 90006 = ways 90360 90359 90005 motel 90006 = hotel on a motorway where people can stop to sleep 90360 90359 90005 moveable 90006 = if you can move something 90360 90359 90005 movement 90006 = when something changes its position or place 90360 90359 90005 muffler 90006 = the part of the car that makes the noise from the engine quieter 90360 90359 90005 off-road vehicle 90006 = car or truck that you can drive everywhere and is especially good on rocks etc.90360 90359 90005 passenger compartment 90006 = part of the car in which the passengers sit 90360 90359 90005 piston 90006 = metal inside a tube that moves up and down 90360 90359 90005 pollute 90006 = to make dirty 90360 90359 90005 pollution 90006 = to make air or water dirty 90360 90359 90005 post-war 90006 = time after the war 90360 90359 90005 prevent 90006 = stop something from happening 90360 90359 90005 protect 90006 = guard, defend 90360 90359 90005 radar 90006 = a system that uses radio waves to find out where an object is 90360 90359 90005 radiator 90006 = an object for cooling an engine or a machine 90360 90359 90005 raise 90006 = go up 90360 90359 90005 reduce 90006 = to lower 90360 90359 90005 remove 90006 = to take away 90360 90359 90005 rod 90006 = a long thin pole 90360 90359 90005 rough 90006 = not smooth 90360 90359 90005 row 90006 = line 90360 90359 90005 rub 90006 = move against 90360 90359 90005 safety 90006 = everything that is about being safe 90360 90359 90005 safety law 90006 = rules you must follow to protect yourself and others 90360 90359 90005 scarce 90006 = not enough 90360 90359 90005 seat 90006 = the place where you sit 90360 90359 90005 shell 90006 = part, layer 90360 90359 90005 shift 90006 = change 90360 90359 90005 shock absorber 90006 = a part of the car that is connected to each wheel; it makes travelling smoother and more comfortable 90360 90359 90005 skid 90006 = slide 90360 90359 90005 slam 90006 = crash, bang 90360 90359 90005 slippery 90006 = difficult to travel on because the surface is wet 90360 90359 90005 smooth 90006 = soft 90360 90359 90005 source 90006 = a place where you get something from 90360 90359 90005 spark 90006 = a small piece of burning material that appears when you rub to things together 90360 90359 90005 spark plug 90006 = the part of the car that produces an electric spark to start the engine 90360 90359 90005 spray 90006 = to force liquid out of a bottle or can in very small drops 90360 90359 90005 spring 90006 = a piece of metal that is twisted; when you press it down it comes up by itself again 90360 90359 90005 station wagon 90006 = estate car 90360 90359 90005 steam 90006 = smoke that is created when you make water very hot 90360 90359 90005 steam-powered 90006 = driven by steam 90360 90359 90005 steel 90006 = a strong hard metal that is made when you mix iron and carbon 90360 90359 90005 steer 90006 = to control the direction in which something is moving 90360 90359 90005 store 90006 = to keep 90360 90359 90005 suburb 90006 = small town outside a big city 90360 90359 90005 suck 90006 = take in 90360 90359 90005 support 90006 = to hold in position 90360 90359 90005 surround 90006 = to be around 90360 90359 90005 suspension 90006 = part of a car connected to the wheels that makes it more comfortable to drive on roads that are not so smooth 90360 90359 90005 tail pipe 90006 = the tube at the back of the car from which poisonous gases come out 90360 90359 90005 task 90006 = job 90360 90359 90005 therefore 90006 = that is why 90360 90359 90005 tire (tyre) 90006 = rubber ring that fits around a wheel 90360 90359 90005 torque 90006 = the power that makes something turn around a central point 90360 90359 90005 transmission 90006 = the part of a car that brings power from the engine to the wheels 90360 90359 90005 trunk 90006 = place where you can put things in the back of the car 90360 90359 90005 turbo charger 90006 = it increases the amount of air in the engine so that it can create more power 90360 90359 90005 uneven 90006 = not smooth 90360 90359 90005 vehicle 90006 = a machine that moves and transport people, like a car or truck 90360 90359 90005 weight 90006 = how heavy something is 90360 90393 90002 90003 90002 90003 .90000 How Cars Have Changed in 20 Years: Cars.com ‘Employee No. 1 ‘Reflects | News 90001 2000 Lincoln LS 90002 Cars.com photo by Joe Wiesenfelder 90003 90002 As the Editorial department’s original member and resident fossil who worked to launch the site in 1998 I’ve been asked to comment on how vehicles have changed over Cars.com’s 20 years. And boy, have they ever changed! Except for the ways they have not. 90003 90002 90007 Related: 20 Years of Cars.com 90008 90003 90002 It became pretty clear to me how things were going to go when I began producing Cars.com’s original car reviews almost 20 years ago. The first car intended for a Cars.com Vehicle Profile (lost years ago to a sitewide replatforming) was a 2000 Lincoln LS, a new rear-wheel-drive sedan that was a sister of the Jaguar S-Type, which Ford Motor Co.owned at the time. If it sets the scene, recognize that the Cadillac CTS was still three model years from existence and the prospect of a rear-wheel-drive American luxury sport sedan was pretty exciting. So was the notion that the LS had an all-aluminum, dual-overhead-camshaft V-8 engine and a five-speed automatic transmission when four speeds was still the norm. 90003 90002 I was definitely excited — more like appalled — to discover the worst accelerator lag I’d ever experienced. What was behind this? In the review, I ultimately compared the transmission to a flashy baseball pitcher who engages in too much windup before the pitch.90003 90002 Wondering if it was my imagination, I got in another test car I also had at the time, a 2000 Chevrolet Impala. By contrast, there was nothing modern about this car’s drivetrain, which included an optional 3.8-liter V-6. It had an iron block and head, and two pushrod-actuated valves per cylinder, versus the Lincoln’s four overhead-cam valves. It was nearly the same engine that had powered my mother’s horrific тисяча дев’ятсот вісімдесят одна Buick Century sedan. In fact, this storied engine’s history dated back to a 1950s Buick V-8 from which two cylinders were amputated before it appeared in a 1962 model.90003 90002 On paper, this engine was a joke, paired with a four-speed automatic transmission. Here’s the thing: I got in that car, and it charged off the line like a murderous bronco loosed from a pen. I tried standing starts, low- and high-speed passing — everything I could think of. Without exception, when I hit that accelerator, the Impala and its old, crude, outdated powertrain replied, «Yes, sir!» 90003 90002 This reinforced what I’d already learned as a consumer product journalist with only modest automotive experience: Formulas do not matter.Results matter. 90003 90002 Here are some other things I’ve learned. 90003 90022 Cars Are not Cars 90023 90002 To be clear, I’m using the term «car» to mean vehicles of all types. But for what it’s worth, if you point out that sedans are taking a beating in the market versus SUVs, vans and pickup trucks, it’s also fair to point out that some SUVs (especially subcompacts like the Mazda CX-3 or Chevrolet Trax) are actually cars. They ride higher and typically offer all-wheel drive, but the efficiency and space compromises of 1998’s SUVs are greatly minimized.The smallest 2018 SUVs are hatchback cars, and the environmental downsides are not quite as dire as they may seem if your perspective is outdated. 90003 90002 Body-on-frame SUVs, which were the rule in 1998 are now the exception, as most SUVs employ lighter, more space-efficient unibody construction like cars. And for what 90027 that’s 90028 worth, some unibody models have towing capacity to rival body-on-frame SUVs and are as good or better off-road — which is precisely why the term «crossover,» which might have had real meaning for a few years, is completely obsolete, and I wish everyone would stop using it.Please. 90003 90022 Cars Are Much Less Crappy 90023 90002 When the www.cars.com site launched in 1998 cars were a lot crappier. Indeed, the difference between a crappy car and a good one was far more stark than it is today, and the job of the car reviewer far simpler (this is where I get no sympathy). But even today’s «bad» cars are pretty freakin ‘good. It was about five years ago that I had to concede that today’s cars almost always fundamentally drive well enough that aspects we used to consider trivial have become major determining factors for the average shopper.I’m talking about characteristics like multimedia or dashboard controls, and how well the car connects to your music player or phone — things that previously did not exist or were not important enough. 90003 90002 We used to learn to live with seats or controls or other things we did not care for because we wanted a car that drove right. In 2018, almost 90027 everything 90028 drives right — or right enough. I’m humbled to recognize that matters of aesthetic preference or the presence or absence of a particular feature can sway a shopper more than almost any insight I, as a reviewer, can share.And the reason for this is that today’s vehicles are really, really good. 90003 90002 The reason, obviously, is technology. Cruder forms of fuel injection than we enjoy today had proliferated among new 1998 models, but at that time there were still plenty of carbureted vehicles being driven that required you to set a choke before starting, that might have struggled to fire up in the cold and whose engines could be flooded (I’m not talking about water, millennials). That’s all a distant memory.90003 90002 The past 20 years have seen some of the quickest and most dramatic improvements in motor vehicle history. As in so many areas of industry, the global economy and life itself, the cause of this revolution was the computer. It starts with the way vehicles are developed, in which computer modeling has accelerated design and advancements in vehicle crashworthiness, but most of the improvements in efficiency, emissions, safety, reliability and longevity comes from having microprocessors, microcontrollers and extensive unseen networks on board the cars themselves.90003 90022 Technology Is Less Crappy 90023 90002 The onboard diagnostic system that primarily oversees emissions performance, in the OBD-II specification, had become mandatory in 1996 року, so Cars.com’s early years were marked by a system that admittedly often seemed to do more harm than good (whose day isn ‘ t ruined by a check-engine light?), but it was the beginning of computerized control of the entire vehicle and the benefits that come when various subsystems work in tandem to maintain efficiency, pollution control, safety and features we could not imagine until they appeared over the years.90003 90002 Thanks to countless sensors, all cars know how fast each wheel is turning, and some sample how compressed their shock absorbers are at any given microsecond. They may know if they’re climbing or descending a hill, whether it’s raining or not, what type of road surface they’re on, if the car is spinning or sliding laterally — plus a whole lot about what’s around the vehicle thanks to some mix of cameras, radar, lidar and sonar. 90003 90002 Thanks to GPS and telematics, they know where they are, the elevation and the weather forecast.If the car you currently own does not use some or all of this information to adapt its behavior for the circumstances at hand in the interest of safety, performance, comfort or convenience, rest assured that it’s only a matter of time. 90003 90002 The cars of 1998 had very few of these capabilities, and those that did exist — like antilock brakes and traction control — have improved dramatically. ABS was always intended to help the driver maintain control while braking, but unfortunately the earlier forms often extended braking distances under some conditions.Likewise, overly conservative traction control often kept you from gaining any forward momentum on loose snow or sand, requiring you to shut it off. These systems now are far smarter, sample faster and can adapt to different conditions either automatically or as commanded with a choice of driving mode. Many advancements have relied on the spread of electronic throttle control — another worthy development that flat-out sucked for a number of years, delaying response even in otherwise sporty cars with no turbos or automatic transmissions to muck up the works.90003 90022 Cars Are More Trouble-Free and Long-Lived 90023 90002 Under computer control, today’s engines and transmissions work much better together. The benefit is more than just efficiency, emissions control and smoother shifting under all conditions — it’s longevity. Electronic nannies save both driver and cars from themselves. Spirited driving in a 2018 model certainly produces more friction and wear than does docile driving, but it’s nothing like the beating a 20-year-old car’s drivetrain would endure under wide-open throttle.New cars are harder to break. 90003 90002 Replacement and service intervals for everything from spark plugs to automatic transmissions are now longer, extending in some models almost as far as the average life expectancy of vehicles, which now nears 12 years, according to IHS Markit. We do not know about 1998 but in 2002 when IHS began its tracking, the average age was 9.6 years. 90003 90002 Despite all of this computerized interference and smoother shifts that necessarily slow a car’s progress, today’s vehicles are far more capable than they were 20 years ago, such that we barely take notice when a family sedan can do zero-to-60 mph in 6 seconds.It’s partly the sportification first of luxury sedans, then followed by everyday sedans and hatchbacks, that has cooled American demand for dedicated sports cars. Once a crude muscle car, today’s Chevrolet Camaro (despite visibility limitations bordering on negligence) is a sports car that could spank some of the most capable performance vehicles of 1998. Frankly, some of today’s sports sedans come pretty close, too. 90003 90022 Cars Are Much Less Fun 90023 90002 I said cars are more capable, but that does not mean more fun.Quite the contrary. As cars have become less flappable, driving has become less engaging unless you’re among the relative few who take to a racetrack to explore a vehicle’s limits — or do not mind breaking laws on public roads. 90003 90002 Factors like increased structural rigidity and more sophisticated suspension design combine with always-evolving tire technology to ensure that a 2018 car’s limits are further from reach than a тисячі дев’ятсот дев’яносто вісім’s were — under traffic conditions that make testing those limits less possible anyway.90003 90002 Without question, today’s cars are much safer than they were when Cars.com launched, but the same designs and systems that allow the car to do the work for you also suck a lot of the joy out of driving — at least in normal, legal driving. This is why I find an aged Mazda Miata on all-season tires more consistently fun in normal use than many of the current racetrack-bred sports cars and sports sedans I test. 90003 90002 If you’re a gearhead, lateral torque vectoring, to use a proliferating example, is so fascinating that you might not realize immediately how much fun you’re not having learning to hold a line yourself in your perfect car that does it for you .Modern cars make you feel like you’re a better driver. In truth, it’s the opposite. Is it any wonder crude, unfettered beasts like earlier generations of the Dodge Viper (1992-2010) had their fans? Contrast the Porsche 911 generations that emerged during the same period, the all-wheel-drive option of which was enough to turn this legendary handful of a car into something of a bore on a daily basis. The Viper inspired me to devote myself to figuring out how to control it. The 911 4S inspired me to wonder what my cat might be doing at that moment.90003 90022 The Emperor Is Still Naked 90023 2000 Nissan Xterra 90002 Manufacturer image 90003 90002 Cars may be better overall in many ways, but what has not changed in 20 years is how often our expectations, based on anything from marketing claims to common sense, are not met.90003 90002 The number of gears in the latest automatic transmissions is now twice that of the problematic 2000 Lincoln LS V8, and still only some of the various six- through 10-speed transmissions in today’s cars respond as quickly as they should when you hit the pedal . There are good reasons for transmissions to have more and more gears, and to shift more frequently as a consequence, but we’ve never found it acceptable when a vehicle fails to do so quickly in response to the driver’s action.90003 90002 Twenty years in, we’re still waiting for automakers to give up on touch-sensitive non-button buttons, for Lexus to abandon its touchpad, for other manufacturers (Mitsubishi, Acura) not to follow them off that cliff, and for all brands to recognize that giving Google and Apple a role in their dashboards is an inevitability. 90003 90002 Though I tested the Lincoln LS first, I chose as the inaugural Vehicle Profile my examination of a new SUV called the 2000 Nissan Xterra. The Xterra was marketed heavily toward Generation X with much talk about younger people and active lifestyles (a concept that marketers continue to flog all these years later), and it seemed appropriate to me that our first review in a relatively new internet medium, which appealed primarily to younger people at that time, be about a model that does the same.Also, I can not say I was 100 percent on board, but I suspected the SUV craze might be more than a fad. 90003 90002 The Xterra, which I very much enjoyed on its merits, proved to be a shining triumph of results over formula. Pitched and received as the next big thing, it was little more than a funky body on an old pickup-truck frame, with an on-hand V-6 the preferred engine and simple part-time four-wheel drive. There were more modern, sophisticated vehicles available, certainly, but the Xterra made a lot of people happy and Nissan a lot of money for 16 model years, more than twice as long as the LS.90003 90002 To be honest, Cars.com had a lot of Xterra to it: a flashy new body on an old frame — a decidedly not new framework of newspaper and magazine people who provided the same kind of advantage a traditional ladder frame had granted vehicles since the dawn of the automobile: a foundation on which to build a hardworking and successful vehicle. Cars.com’s Editorial department holds to the same principles today that it did when granted the opportunity to be a part of this endeavor 20 years ago.For me, another 20 years seems unlikely, but Cars.com Editorial will keep at it for as long as we’re able. 90003 90002 90027 Cars.com’s Editorial department is your source for automotive news and reviews. In line with Cars.com’s long-standing ethics policy, editors and reviewers do not accept gifts or free trips from automakers. The Editorial department is independent of Cars.com’s advertising, sales and sponsored content departments. 90028 90003 90002 Share 90003 Executive Editor Joe Wiesenfelder, a Cars.com launch veteran, leads the car evaluation effort. He owns a 1 984 Mercedes 300D and a 2002 Mazda Miata SE. Email Joe .90000 Cars of the Future: What Will You Drive in 50 Years | Technologies 90001 90002 Technologies are continuously evolving and being introduced into all spheres of our life, starting from small-scale home electronics and ending with space rockets. We can already start to witness how a huge number of ideas are turning into something real. Today we will look at the car industry, one of the most progressive spheres, and study what cars we will be using in the next 50 years. 90003 90002 90005 2010 — Electric Cars are Here 90006 90003 90002 Let’s start with facts about the present.Car manufacturers and engineers do not not only consider speed, such parameters as efficiency, convenience, handleability are also important, and for a long time now emphasis has been put on environmental friendliness. Therefore, the appearance of electric cars that can be charged using electricity is a rather logical step towards more environmentally friendly vehicles. And if before we could picture ourselves electric cars, the technology to mass produce them was not yet sophisticated enough, however starting with the early 2010s an electric car turned into something much more accessible and stopped being a concept.We already live in the era of the eccentric Elon Musk and his 90009 Tesla 90010 cars which every (relatively wealthy) person can buy and drive. 90003 90002 Tesla was the first company in the world to make an electric vehicle with liquid-cooled batteries, allowing not only to heat the car without unnecessary energy but also quickly charge and discharge batteries without overheating. Just remember that 90009 Model S and Model 3 have already overtaken 90010 competitors such as Jaguar and Porsche in the number of cars sold.And if the Model S ‘European sales in 2017 increased by 30%, then BMW 7-Series’ fell by 13%. Tesla is devouring European brands alive in their own market, and in the States the process is going even faster. 90003 90002 Regulators play a significant role in the mass development of electric cars. France, UK, Germany, and India have already announced that 90009 by 2025 — 2050 they will completely abandon sales of petrol and diesel cars. 90010 China is also not far from such a decision. And only the States are lagging behind! 90003 90002 But the main problem of electric cars is their high cost compared to their petrol and diesel counterparts.But if gasoline cars are banned around the world producers will have nothing left to do but make electric cars for the mass consumer regardless of the income. 90003 90002 So here we present cars that will very soon be used by every person, and when you get into them, you will no longer be surprised by their abilities. 90003 90002 90005 2020 — AI and Virtuality 90006 90003 90002 Can you imagine a car with an electric motor, where you just sit down and do not have to drive yourself to your destination? Volkswagen has a whole series of future electric cars — the 90009 I.D. family 90010 with 4 concept cars: from a compact car to a small bus. The most interesting of which is the 90009 I.D.Vizzion 90010, which according to the developers, opens up a new dimension of environmental compatibility, safety and comfort. 90003 90002 The driver here is not the one who drives, but who lays the route in the navigation system. The main control of various functions is implemented with the help of artificial intelligence, voice commands and gestures. Instead of a live display, there is a virtual screen, which is projected in front of the driver and passenger, which automatically adjusts to people in the car, remembering their preferences for the seat settings and climate control.90003 90002 90037 90038 90003 90002 90009 According to the comments of the Volkswagen team: 90010 90003 90044 90002 «At present this is still a concept, but the production model is expected to be on the market by 2022. Whilst mass production is intended for this vehicle, it is expected to deliver a luxury executive-style experience for passengers. A price point has not been announced so far, but we’re expecting this to become clear nearer to the release of the production model.90003 90002 Also safety is a priority in all of our models. We would not expect the model to be released until it’s fully safe to do so «. 90003 90049 90002 90005 2030 — Without Pilot With Comfort 90006 90003 90002 In 2017 Audi introduced the concept of self-driving car 90009 Audi Aicon 90010, which will be mass-produced by 2030. 90003 90002 The car is a sedan with a squat body and a futuristic design. It’s like a living room inside. The salon is designed for four people. There is no steering wheel and pedals in the car, but from across the entire front panel from door to door you will see a multimedia system display.Each of the four wheels is driven by a separate electric motor. The estimated range of a single charge is 700 — 800 km. 90003 90002 90061 90038 90003 90002 Here is what the official Audi spokesman 90009 Josef Schloßmacher 90010 told about the Aicon 90009 exclusively for iHodl: 90010 90003 90044 90002 «Aicon will be a pioneer for the mastering the most difficult challenges in the field of autonomous driving. Though, the technology of the Aicon will make its way also into lower market segments for everybody’s benefit.90003 90002 The technology offers you the best chances to avoid accidents, because all those cars will be able to detect possible collisions before they happen — by far better than any human driver. And a car like the Aicon will never get tired, as a human driver does. So one can imagine that such a car can be used by passengers without a driving licence. But we have to see what the legislation of the future looks like. » 90003 90049 90002 90005 2040 — Car as a Service 90006 90003 90002 Here we move away from a particular model of car and turn to the trends of the market as a whole.90003 90002 Researchers from the 90009 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 90010 and Georgetown University said that more than 90 percent of all cars in States, Canada, Europe and other developed countries by 2040 will make electric cars. 90003 90002 And that leads to further trends. When cars are completely autonomous, there is no reason why they can not become a service, and not something that you buy and own. Car service companies like Uber and Lyft already offer cars without property whether it is a taxi service or just a transportation for demand.That is called «passenger economy,» where the largest segment in 20 years will be 90009 «user mobility as a service (consumer mobility-as-a-service, CMaaS)» 90010. 90003 90002 Right now Google is focused on software production, while concluding numerous partnerships with traditional automakers. 90003 90002 Volkswagen plans to create a single platform with its own service called 90009 vw.OS 90010: the company notes that such software is easier to update and maintain. Tesla is already working on a similar model.90003 90002 Another example of this phenomenon is 90009 Udacity 90010, which provides services in the field of online education: it decided to create a course for training specialists in the development of self-driving cars. This experience was so successful that the company decided to open an affiliated company for the production of self-driving cars, which was called Voyage. The company will focus on creating an autonomous taxi. The car will not be developed from scratch: it is planned to upgrade production cars with its own equipment and software.90003 90002 90005 2050 — We Will Fly 90006 90003 90002 Designer 90009 Thomas Larson Roed 90010 believes that his idea will be implemented relatively soon and developed a concept car called 90009 Chase 2053 90010, which can move on the ground and in the air. As the name suggests, the futuristic car is expected in the year 2053. 90003 90002 wordlesstech.com 90003 90002 wordlesstech.com 90003 90002 The base of Chase 2053 is a dynamic casing with carbon nanotubes, which make it tough and resistant to any damage.The concept is equipped with a hydrogen engine that drives a three-wheeled car without any emissions. In addition to these fantastic features, the concept says goodbye to fixed tools, which significantly reduces the weight of the car. 90003 90002 Of course, this concept is still far from realization and is the least realistic on this list, but remember that in just 50 years, the automobile industry has moved from simple petrol cars, where there was no Wi-Fi, no opportunity to watch movies, or use the autopilot, to electric cars with all those features and more.90003.